Portage, a way by land around an interruption in a water source
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Until the early 19th century most inhabitants of what is now Canada traveled mainly by water. Alexander Mackenzie and Simon Fraser demonstrated that it is possible, by portaging 100 times, to canoe from the St. Lawrence to the Arctic or Pacific oceans.
The first trails around waterfalls and rapids were often made by moose. Then Indians used the same paths, carrying their marvelously light birchbark canoes. The organized fur trade required the transport of heavy goods. Voyageurs were expected to hoist 2 packs each weighing about 41kg. The first was slung on the back with a tumpline across the forehead and second was placed on top. It was fatiguing work, usually done at a slow jog to reduce the strain on the back. On a long portage, the voyageurs would dump loads at poses every kilometer or so and go back for more loads. Two or 4 voyageurs would combine to carry the North or Montreal canoes, and when heavy York Boats came into widespread use in the 1820s, portages were often equipped with the rollers.
Packhorses were used on the trail to Ft Assiniboine and across the Athabasca pass. Oxcarts were needed for the heavier freight on Portage La Loche and at Ft Smith. In eastern Canada, canals and roads improved and supplemented water routes. At Niagra and between Montreal and the Richelieu R, early “portage railways” were a partial answer to transport needs. The Grand Trunk Ry in the 1850’s and the Canadian Pacific Ry in the 1880s marked the shift to continuous land transport across southern Canada.
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May 9th, 2010
Louis Riel Leads Provisional Government Dec 27, 1869
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Red River Colony – “Rupert’s Land” - At this point in time – December 1869 – Louis Riel announced that he had become the new leader of the provisional government at the Red River Colony in what was then referred to as “Rupert’s Land” – later to be called the “Province of Manitoba”. This appointment was automatic following the resignation of John Bruce , Louis Schmidt , a lifelong friend of Riel’s suceeded him as secretary .
It could be said at the time that these most dramatic events followed months and months of the most tense of negotiations. On December 10 , 1869 Riel with the help of close associates , Ambroise-Dydime , Lepine and W.B. ODonoghue , hoisted the flag of the “Provisional Government” of the pole in center square of Fort Garry. In design the standard of the new assembly is a fleur-de-lis on a full white backgrounnd.
Riel now held the then colony’s only effective government. While at the time , some experienced and noted political and historical observerers , doubted that he had a strong foundation for an administration there was no question what so ever that Louis Riel had met his first and primary objective – that of keeping “Canada” from establishing William McDougall as the government of the territory which would of been simply “annexed “ by Eastern Canada.
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Manitoba “Selkirk Settlers”
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Early on in the settlement of Manitoba nearly half of the settlers became so very discouraged by the difficulties that they encountered at the Red River settlement and settlements that they accepted the North West Company’s offer to fund their passage back to “eastern Canada” ( Lower Canada)
Until the arrival of cattle, the settlers lacked the wherewithal to feed themselves during the coming cruel Manitoba winter months.
Once currency began to circulate in greater quantity and quantities , the foundations were laid for further accumulations of wealth.
A noted Peruvian economist has explained that “capitalism” has not functioned in the “3′rd world” because we missed some of the more crucial elements that Westerners had in the 18′th and 19′th centuries , like property rights. It seems that in this evaluation that the capitalism of the time had the ability and abilities to pick up the value of “people’s work”. That is to accumulate and represent value and values and to utilize this to accomplish further productive ability and abilities.
In the particular case and cases of the Manitoba Red River Settlers , they both possessed title to their land and their livestock herds as well. This could then be used as actual collateral for loans in other money earning enterprises.
Thus those “Selkirk Settlers” who stayed on and persevered could do well.
This was the bedrock of the Manitoba experience and the future wealth and economic power and vibrancy of the Canadian Province of Manitoba and its people , society and communities.
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Famous People & Inventions Canada
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1. Approx. 89% of Canada is not habitable, because of extreme climate conditions.
2. Newfoundland is the only province that does not have an Indian reserve.
3. Yonge Street in Toronto is the longest street in the World. (It also goes far past Toronto. I live 45 min. North of T.O and live on Yonge St)
4. Canada has six time zones.
5. With over 2 Million lakes, Canada has the largest amount of freshwater in the world
6. The oldest program in Canadian broadcasting history is” Hockey Night In Canada”. At first it was on the radio in 1931, and in the Fall of 1952 the first TV ice hockey game was broadcast nationally on CBC. It is still being produced weekly in both English and French .
7. The coldest temperature ever recorded was -63C (-81.4F) in Snag, Yukon on Feb 3, 1947.
8. Basketball: now a favourite in the U.S. – was invented by Canadian James A. Naismith , who was born in Almonte, Ontario in November 1871. After studying at McGill University in Montreal,Quebec he became an instructor at the International YMCA Training School in Massachusetts, USA. where he came up with the idea for basketball. The first basketball game was played in 1891.
9. Canada is the world’s second largest country , but houses only 27 million people – making it rank only 28th in population.
10. Five pin bowling was invented in 1909 by Canadian T.E. Ryan
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